The Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer and is one of the leading causes of death among Thai women. This is because most patients are often unaware of their condition and seek medical attention only when the disease has progressed, resulting in delayed treatment.

How does HPV occur?

HPV spreads easily through direct contact with the virus or through sexual intercourse. HPV infections can clear up naturally within 1-5 years and can occur in people of all genders and ages.

Can detect HPV up to 40 strains

     divided into 2 groups based on risk

     ความเสี่ยงสูง (High risk)

• Varieties 16, 18, 26, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 66, 68, 69, 73, 82/MM, 82/IS, 84, 89
• HPV 16 and 18 are responsible for up to 70% of cervical cancer cases.

     ความเสี่ยงต่ำ (Low risk)

• Strain 6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 61, 70, 71, 72, 81, 83
• HPV 6 and 11 are found to cause genital warts in 90% of cases.

Testing for pathogens that cause diseases in the urinary tract, which may lead to sexually transmitted infections, can be found in individuals of all genders and ages. Those who should be tested include teenagers, young adults who are more adventurous, individuals who engage in unprotected sex, as well as those who frequently change partners or lack knowledge and understanding about self-protection.

How does an infection occur?

Urinary tract infections can be transmitted through sexual intercourse and can occur from bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.

19 strains of bacteria

• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Ureaplasma urealyticum
• Mycoplasma genitalium
• Mycoplasma hominis
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Treponema pallidum
• Gardnerella vaginalis
• Group B Streptococcus
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Escherichia coli
• Enterobacter cloacae
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Proteus mirabilis
• Haemophilus ducreyi
• Enterococcus faecium
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Bacteroides fragilis
• Enterococcus faecalis
• Atopobium vaginae

2 virus strains

• Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)
• Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)

1 parasite

• Trichomonas vaginalis

7 types of fungi

• Candida albicans
• Candida glabrata
• Candida krusei
• Candida tropicalis
• Candida parapsilosis
• Aspergillus spp.
• Meyerozyma guilliermondii

Group B Streptococcus is a bacterium found in the intestines, vagina, or rectum of healthy individuals. GBS poses a silent but significant threat, especially to pregnant mothers.

How does GBS occur?

Group B Streptococcus, or GBS, naturally occurs in various areas of the body, such as the intestines, reproductive system, and urinary tract. For most healthy individuals, it does not pose any danger. However, GBS is a significant hidden threat for pregnant women, as mothers can pass the GBS bacteria to their babies either during pregnancy or during childbirth. If not diagnosed or treated in a timely manner, it can lead to disabilities in the infant or even death due to GBS infection acquired from the mother.

TORCH infections in pregnant women or women who are planning to become pregnant can cause abnormalities in the fetus or newborn.

Dangerous Things to Know!! About TORCH Infections Before Pregnancy

Infections in pregnant women are another factor that increases morbidity and mortality in pregnant women, as well as in the fetus. Infections that affect both the mother and the fetus can occur during pregnancy (antepartum), during labor (intrapartum), and after delivery (postpartum).

Details of TORCH infections

1. Toxoplasmosis

The infectious disease caused by the parasite known as Toxoplasma gondii can be found in cat feces, raw or undercooked meat. Although it usually does not cause any symptoms, some patients may experience flu-like symptoms, and the infection can also be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy. Those who contract the infection in the early stages of pregnancy may transmit it to the fetus less frequently, but in some severe cases, it can result in stillbirth or miscarriage. For infants who survive, there is a tendency to encounter serious health problems later on, such as seizures, enlarged liver, enlarged spleen, jaundice, or eye infections that can lead to blindness. Additionally, those infected during the third trimester of pregnancy may be at the highest risk of transmitting the infection to the fetus, but abnormal symptoms are often less common, and children may develop symptoms as they grow older.

2. Rubella

The Rubella virus is the cause of German measles. This disease is transmitted through respiratory droplets, with the virus present in the mucus and saliva of infected individuals in the air, spreading to those nearby. The mother is not at risk from German measles, but a fetus whose mother is infected with the virus may develop abnormalities, depending on the gestational age at the time of infection. If the infection occurs during the first three months of pregnancy, noticeable disabilities may include cataracts or glaucoma, deafness, congenital heart defects, smaller than normal size, lower than normal platelet counts leading to skin bruising, enlarged liver and spleen, and brain abnormalities, or the fetus may die due to the infection.

3. Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus, or CMV, is a type of DNA virus that causes those infected to experience muscle pain, high fever, fatigue, or pneumonia. However, for healthy individuals, the symptoms may not be very severe. In contrast, if it occurs in infants or individuals with weakened immune systems, the symptoms can be quite severe. CMV is the leading cause of hearing loss in newborns. When a pregnant woman is infected for the first time, the virus may not show symptoms in her body but can be triggered to reactivate periodically, similar to herpes viruses, due to high levels of IgG antibodies.

4. Herpes simplex virus l/ll

Herpes is caused by an infection with the Herpes simplex virus, which has 2 types: Type 1 usually causes infections around the mouth or the upper body above the navel, and Type 2 typically causes infections in the external genitalia. The Herpes simplex virus type 1 is less associated with sexually transmitted infections than type 2. Additionally, in new patients with Herpes simplex virus infections, type 1 is more commonly the cause.

Caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or fungi that lead to diseases in the respiratory system, which can be transmitted through coughing, sneezing, or close breathing. The pathogens can contaminate droplets of mucus, saliva, or be suspended in the air, or they may be transmitted through contact with an infected person or their personal belongings.

Symptoms that may lead to respiratory system diseases overall

1. Has a high fever, shortness of breath, and fatigue
2. Sore throat or greenish-yellow mucus along with a high fever of 38.5 degrees Celsius or higher
3. There is pain in the nasal cavity.
4. Refused to eat food and drink water
5. Symptoms do not improve within 1 week

Testing for pathogens that cause diseases in the respiratory system can occur from bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

32 bacterial strains

• Corynebacterium diphtheriae
• Chlamydia pneumoniae
• Chlamydia psittaci
• Moraxella catarrhalis
• Nocardia otitidiscaviarum
• Nocardia asteroides
• Nocardia brasiliensis
• Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
• Klebsiella aerogenes
• Klebsiella oxytoca
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Burkholderia cepacia
• Salmonella typhi
• Enterococcus faecalis
• Enterococcus faecium
• Enterobacter cloacae
• Ureaplasma urealyticum
• Acinetobacter baumannii
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Legionella pneumophila
• Escherichia coli
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Neisseria meningitidis
• Bordetella pertussis
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Streptococcus angina
• Group A streptococcus
• Group B streptococcus
• Brucella spp.

36 virus strains

• Human parvovirus B19
• Measles virus
• Enterovirus
• Enterovirus A71
• Enterovirus D68
• Coxsackievirus 16
• Coxsackievirus 4
• Coxsackievirus 6
• Coxsackievirus 10
• WU Polyomavirus
• KI Polyomavirus
• Herpes simplex virus 1
• Human alphaherpesvirus 3
• Human betaherpesvirus
• Human herpesviruses
• Dengue virus
• Rubella virus
• Influenza B virus
• Human adenovirus B
• Human adenovirus C
• Human adenovirus D
• Influenza A virus H1N1 subtype
• Influenza A virus universal
• Influenza A virus H1N2 subtype
• Influenza A virus H3N2 subtype
• Parainfluenza virus (type 1,2,3,4)
• Respiratory syncytial virus type A
• Respiratory syncytial virus type B
• Epstein-barr virus
• Rhinovirus (HRV-A, HRV-B)
• Rotavirus (Group A and Group B)
• Human Metapneumovirus
• Human cytomegalovirus
• Human bocavirus
• Corona Virus
• Corona Virus N2

4 strains of fungi

• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Aspergillus fumigatus
• Candida albicans
• Pneumocystis jirovecii

Infection of the organs in the gastrointestinal system, which is mostly caused by bacteria, followed by viruses, parasites, and fungi, may occur from consuming unclean food and drinking water. The pathogens present in the patient can contaminate water, food, and hands, entering the mouth, and the pathogens may be transmitted through contaminated utensils.

Symptoms that may lead to gastrointestinal diseases overall

1. Experiencing chronic abdominal pain that comes and goes
2. Pain all the time or pain occasionally
3. Stools may be gray or pale, and may contain fat. Weight loss may occur, etc.
4. Blood in stool
5. Lack of appetite, jaundice, or no symptoms at all

The detection of 25 pathogens that cause diseases in the gastrointestinal system can occur from bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

14 strains of bacteria

• Campylobacter jejuni
• Clostridium difficile
• Escherichia coli
• Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
• Escherichia coli O157
• Helicobacter pylori CagA
• Helicobacter pylori UreA
• Listeria monocytogenes
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Salmonella spp.
• Shigella flexneri
• Vibrio parahaemolyticus
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Yersinia enterocolitica

10 virus strains

• Coxsackievirus 16
• Enterovirus
• Enterovirus 71
• Enteric Adenovirus
• Astrovirus
• Norovirus 1
• Norovirus 2
• Rotavirus A
• Rotavirus B
• Sapovirus

1 fungus

• Candida albicans

The coronavirus is the cause of diseases in both animals and humans. There are various strains of coronaviruses that cause respiratory illnesses, ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and the recently discovered coronavirus that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19.

Symptoms that may lead to COVID-19 infection

Green symptoms (initial symptoms of an infected person)

1. No symptoms
2. Fever/temperature measured at 37.5 C or higher
3. Coughing, have a runny nose, sore throat
4. diarrhea
5. The nose cannot smell, the tongue cannot taste.
6. Red eyes with a rash
7. No underlying health conditions
8. Breathing normally, lungs not inflamed
9. No risk factors for severe disease / significant comorbidities

Yellow symptoms (beginning to show signs of risk for severe illness)

1. chest tightness
2. having difficulty breathing
3. Rapid breathing, difficulty breathing, coughing and feeling tired
4. Fatigue, dizziness
5. Diarrhea more than 3 times/day
6. Pneumonia
7. dizzy, lightheaded

Red symptoms (severe patient)

1. Out of breath, speaking in fragments
2. Constant tightness in the chest, pain when breathing
3. lethargic, unresponsive when called, slow to respond
4. Severe pneumonia with hypoxic pneumonia symptoms (resting O2 saturation <96%) or a decrease in oxygen SpO2 >= 3% from the initial measurement during exertion (exercise-induced hypoxemia) or chest X-ray shows progression of pulmonary infiltrates (to make it simple, try using a fingertip pulse oximeter; if the reading is low, it is a cause for concern).